Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. . . with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). . This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. Death and Afterlife. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Identification and Location. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Milton Obote (196271, 198085). The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. "Acholi Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. Identification. In . Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Land Tenure. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? and created larger political famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the The n, Mende Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. Apoko, Anna (1967). Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. 53- Shilluk Acholi Social Control. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. 2008. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Langlands, B. W. (1971). London: James Currey. (1955). The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Stream and swamp fishing are important. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help Political Organization. against the central government. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. (1991). (1972). encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and with the British was through Samuel Baker. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. Dholuo After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Bor Lango (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). ." This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. find its conclusion until the 19th century. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory The Population Geography of Acholi District. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The insurgency's military. Under Ugandan Pres. B. K. (1994). More Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. Kin Groups and Descent. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. more. (p. 34). The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. When conflict did Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. Arts. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. named Luo. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Socialization. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been [CDATA[ B.A. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Updates? By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the London: Oxford University Press. This included both agricultural and hunting land. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local Encyclopedia.com. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." Uma, F. K. (1971). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Religious Practitioners. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. Congo. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. . The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. Conflict. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." The Lwoo. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) The Central Lwo during the Aconya. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful Following the Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. Location. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . 26). The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. Anywa Adhola (UNHCR, 2012). 1544957. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala).
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